Discrediting the source

Willis Carto was not the first person that Scientology ever ran its dirty tricks on. Back on January 15, 1980, Leland Thoburn, the associate editor of "Freedom," which is published by the Church of Scientology, sent Fred Blahut, SPOTLIGHT editor, a letter about Scientology's relationship with Paulette Cooper. Cooper, Thoburn was sure, would find the documents the FBI seized from the Church of Scientology in 1977 "an unending source of pleasure."

As a matter of fact, the Paulette Cooper case was to turn out to be an unending source of information for the media and general public. In particular, Willis Carto had a transcript of the "Larry King Live" broadcast of December 8, 1993, called "Whatever Happened to Werner Erhard?" The following excerpt of that transcript refers to Cooper, who wrote the 1971 book "Scandal of Scientology."

Mr. ERHARD: Well, let me give you an example. I don't know exactly what would happen to me, but let me give you an example of a writer who wrote a book critical of Scientology. She was subsequently indicted by a federal grand jury for having sent a bomb threat to the Church of Scientology. Now, the truth only came and she was exonerated out of documents from an FBI raid in 1977 when they found in confidential Scientology documents that Scientology had started a program called Operation Freakout, which was designed to either have her incarcerated or put in a mental institution. As I said to you, she came very close to getting convicted. It was only because of this FBI raid and documents that revealed that the church was behind thus plot, that they had set her up and someone had impersonated ...

In its litigation with Paulette Cooper, Scientology lawyers asked her to correct some possible mistakes in her book five years after it was published, and she wrote an affidavit to that effect. That affidavit was then subsequently used by Scientology's Freedom magazine to temper the behavior of even its comrades in the fight against the IRS, Interpol and other government agencies:

I trust you when you say you will ensure nothing false or defamatory winds up in the article. It is clear from our meeting Fred that you know who your friends are. I would only like to suggest that the facts in the article be gone over ahead of time with our people there in Washington. A lot of false information on our Church has found its way into files where it is viewed as fact.

Thoburn's letter and Cooper affidavit are included to show the sort of problems writers can run into after works are published, especially when dealing with a controversial topic. This does not apply to Scientology as much as it does to the technicalities of writing. Cooper occasionally relied too much on media reports, and, as Carto's documentation demonstrates, even the media can be misled. She may have also not clearly attributed the source of some information, or written without personal knowledge. These are risks taken by writers that could result in false information on Scientology finding its way into files where it is viewed as fact. Here is item 13, for instance: (The part in quotation marks is a statement from her book.)

13. "Even worse than what happens to an outsider who tries to attack Scientology is what happens to a Scientologist who turns against or displeases the group. They too may be investigated, although in that case the investigation is quite simple. The Scientologists can go right to the preclear's file, and his intimate secrets and confessions are all there." I know of no instance where this has occurred.

If Cooper did not have a particular instance, then how could she have gotten the above information? This is not apparent from the above, because no source is cited, although perhaps it was elsewhere in the paragraph.

Perhaps to be on the safe side, Cooper also replied to items which she did not at all imply in her book, but which a "reader might infer." Item 17:

17. "Two other stories of Scientologists who left the group did not have such happy endings. In the first case, the Director of the Scientology Institute in Bulawayo, Africa, a man named John Kennedy, was said to be responsible for the success of Scientology in Rhodesia. Naturally Hubbard was pleased with him, and in an early issue of Ability, he wrote that Kennedy and his wife 'both knew, which side of the E-Meter is up, they respect you, they are Scientologists, they have goals!. Unbeknownst to Hubbard, one of their goals was leaving Scientology and setting up a similar organization called the Institute of Mental Health. They set up headquarters in Johannesburg, and brought in a large number of Scientologists with them, naturally infuriating the other Scientologists. Kennedy died shortly thereafter in a shooting accident. 'It is said he shot himself accidentally while cleaning his revolver", stated the Daily Mail on July 14th, 1968, 'but an open verdict was returned by the Coroner". A reader might infer that Scientology was in some way responsible for Kennedy's death. I have no evidence whatever in support of such an allegation, and personally do not believe it is true.

The truth of her points is not discussed and is never an issue with the Freedom associate editor, only the fact that Cooper signed an affidavit admitting to errors in her work. It almost appears, from an excerpt of the Freedom letter, that the entire purpose of Scientology's litigation was to get this particular affidavit.

We have had a long and litigious relationship with Ms. Cooper. So far, this has resulted in her providing the Church with an affidavit clarifying 52 points of her book that she admits were "erroneous, or at the very least misleading."

Thus part of the overall message conveyed is that Cooper was more correct than she was before as a consequence of having yielded to Scientology. Yet the cover letter demonstrates that purity of truth and reasoning was not necessarily first and foremost in the corporate mind of Cooper's multinational adversary. Faced with years of litigation from a large religious corporation, her personal life under attack from that same corporation's dirty tricks department, and presented with official looking evidence that seemed to contradict her own data, Ms. Cooper, with limited resources, inevitably took the path of least resistance.

Werner Erhard on his 1993 "Larry King Live" show: As a matter of fact, I understand that [the Scientologists have] disavowed this policy of "fair game," although I haven't seen the evidence of it yet.


Thoburn images, page 1, 2.

FREEDOM
The Independent Journal Published by the Church of Scientology
January 15, 1980 The Spotlight
300 Independence Ave. SE Washington D. C. 20003
Attention: Fred Blahut
Dear Fred:
I want to follow up on our meeting of last December when I was in Washington. Shortly after returning to Los Angeles I took a much needed vacation, and am only now returning to my desk to catch up on the things I should have taken care of before I went on vacation, like writing you.
I must admit I wish I had had more time to go over certain material with you. There is much that could be said about Paulette Cooper. We have had a long and litigious relationship with Ms. Cooper. So far, this has resulted in her providing the Church with an affidavit clarifying 52 points of her book that she admits were "erroneous, or at the very least misleading." A copy of that affidavit is enclosed.
Ms. Cooper now has a new game to play. I am sure she will find the seized documents an unending source of pleasure. However, the facts are that the material in the seized documents reflects the activities of only a few members of the Church (and not having seen it I cannot vouch that it even does that). The vast majority of our Church parishioners do not even know the content of those documents as well as you might.
I trust you when you say you will ensure nothing false or defamatory winds up in the article. It is clear from our meeting Fred that you know who your friends are. I would only like to suggest that the facts in the article be gone over ahead of time with our people there in Washington. A lot of false information on our Church has found its way into files where it is viewed as fact. You yourself are familiar with this phenomenon, reference the photo of the wanton acts of destruction committed by "Liberty Lobby terrorists, that hangs on your wall.
Fred Blahut January 15, 1980 Page 2
In closing, I want to repeat that I enjoyed our meeting. I am sure many good articles will result.
If It would be possible, I would appreciate receiving copy of Spotlight as it comes out. In the interests of economy, and if you do not already receive a copy of Freedom, I would like to exchange subscriptions.
Let me know if there is any further information. you need on the IRS documents I gave you.
Sincerely
/sig/
Leland Thoburn Associate Editor


I. PAULETTE COOPER of [xxx] New York have decided to say the following in relation to a book written by me entitled "Scandal of Scientology".
The book was published in 1971. Research and preparation for the book was done in the preceding 2 1/2 years. Much of my source material consisted of press reports which I felt able at the time to rely upon as a basis for conclusion of fact and formation of opinion.
It has since become apparent to me that either due to the exclusion of information or lack of evidence in support or through information which I have since learned; a number of passages in my book are erroneous or at the very least misleading.
Accordingly, I make the following statements in relation to these passages, which I quote:
1. "Do Scientology Reverends become sexually involved with their clients?" This question written by my editor, was contained on the first page inside the cover of the book. It insinuates that Scientology Ministers are not genuine ministers of religion, and that they do become sexually involved with their clients. I have since come across no evidence to indicate that there is necessarily any sexual involvement between Ministers and their clients. The insinuation is, therefore, unsupported.
Furthermore, it is my understanding that Scientology is a recognized religion in many parts of the world, where its ordained Ministers are empowered to perform marriage ceremonies of a legally binding nature. In Australia Scientology is recognized as a religion by Federal Proclamation.
2. "Was Charles Manson a Scientologist?". It is my understanding that Charles Manson may have read books on Scientology, and to that extent he may have called himself a Scientologist. However, I have no evidence to indicate that his involvement went any further than this, and personally believe that he was never a member of the Church of Scientology. "They would have read of the 'Death Lessons' that were once being taught in British schools - devised by Scientologists." Whilst it is true that a person reading a newspaper in 1961 in England night have read of what the newspaper referred to as "Death Lessons", it was not made clear that this was a label used by the newspaper, and not the Scientologists The "Lessons" were in fact simple drills done with students to increase their attention and lessen their fear of failing exams.
4. "They would have read of a group called 'The Process' that worships sex and the devil and believes in every type of sexual perversion - they were started by Scientologists." A reader might infer that the Scientologists worship sex and the devil and believe in 'every type of sexual perversion'. I know of nothing which would support such an allegation, and in fact know it not to be true.
5. "They would have read of a man named Charles Manson, convicted of murdering Sharon Tate and others - he may have been a Scientologist." I know of no evidence to support the inference that Charles Manson was a Scientologist, and now personally believe that he was never a member of the Church of Scientology.
6. "Scientology was not banned in New South Wales, however, where anybody can set himself up as a consulting psychologist (one New South Wales man who was convicted of kidnapping and murder had at one point in his career styled himself as a therapist)". I did not mean to imply is that the New South Wales man was a Scientologist. I have no evidence in support of this, and in fact know it not to be true. 7. "One witness (at a South African Inquiry) allegedly testified that the Scientologists were planning to arm 5,000 Africans and seize control of the Government." I have no evidence in support of the allegation that such a plan existed.
8. "......when matters of sex and perversion are introduced...... as is frequently the case, they are discussed and probed and dwelt upon sometimes for hours on end. The quality of the filth and depravity recorded in the ..... files as being discussed..... almost defies description. - from the Australian Inquiry." This is my paraphrasing from the conclusions of the Australian Inquiry. I have no personal knowledge of what takes place in an auditing session, have spoken only to a few people who themselves have undergone auditing, and have personally never seen a Scientology auditing file.
9. "Cases have occurred (and they are certainly the exception and not the rule) in which some of the auditors have also failed to maintain a proper professional relationship with their preclears." As I stated, this is certainly the exception and not the rule. In fact I have no direct knowledge of any such occurrences, and don't believe I will ever come across any.
10. "There were also some Scientology scandals in the town; 'Death Lessons' (to be discussed later) and a scandal in December of 1967, when a number of Scientology children were were picked up for shoplifting, and a girl who was taking a Scientology course was found asleep near East Grinstead with three men in a scrap metal truck. The next day, the girl allegedly admitted that she had had intercourse with three boys. Once with a man she met at a youth club, the second time at a party where she said she got very drunk, and the third time with a gypsy, one of the men found with her in the truck. Their being Scientologists or children of Scientologists may have had nothing to do with heir behavior but Scientology was condemned nonetheless." I stated that 'their being Scientologists or children of Scientologists may have had nothing to do with their behavior'. I confirm that I have yet to see any evidence which remotely supports the allegation that Scientology was responsible for the shoplifting, and immoral behavior of the girl, and do not personally believe that it was.
11. On pages 59-61, I refer to the 'Process', or the 'Final Church of Judgement", and its various practices. I insinuate that Scientology was responsible for the 'Process' and that its practices, or at least some of them, are those of Scientology. Such an inference was not intended and I know for a fact that those practices to which I referred are not those of Scientology.
12. "The 201 page report, which makes repeated references to the depravity and perversion they claimed existed in the Scientology movement." While depravity and perversion was mentioned, it is not true that this report makes repeated references to the depravity and perversion which was claimed to have existed in the Scientology movement.
13. "Even worse than what happens to an outsider who tries to attack Scientology is what happens to a Scientologist who turns against or displeases the group. They too may be investigated, although in that case the investigation is quite simple. The Scientologists can go right to the preclear's file, and his intimate secrets and confessions are all there." I know of no instance where this has occurred.
14. "Most Scientologists arc anxious to adhere to this code and not speak against Scientology, so much so that when one alleged Scientologist committed suicide in England, he left a note saying his suicide had nothing to do with Scientology or with his being a member of the group." A reader might infer that the suicide did in fact have something to do with Scientology or his being a member of the group. I have no basis whatever for such an allegation, and in fact do not believe it to be true.
15. "Another Scientology 'suppressive' now an outspoken critic of the group, called Scientology 'the beginning of a Nazi party' in court, during an American tax case." I was not in Court during his testimony and I have no personal evidence in support of such an assertion.
16. "During this time, he was also receiving phone calls in the middle of the night from men and women threatening to kill him. And his fiancee, who at first didn't leave Scientology and join him, was held in a roam at the Org for 4 hours until she agreed to sign a statement saying that Buckingham had threatened to kill her." I have no evidence in support of the statement that the threatening calls came from anybody connected to Scientology, if indeed any such calls were made. Furthermore I have no direct evidence that the fiancee was so held. I was not there and therefore could not know if it actually happened.
17. "Two other stories of Scientologists who left the group did not have such happy endings. In the first case, the Director of the Scientology Institute in Bulawayo, Africa, a man named John Kennedy, was said to be responsible for the success of Scientology in Rhodesia. Naturally Hubbard was pleased with him, and in an early issue of Ability, he wrote that Kennedy and his wife 'both knew, which side of the E-Meter is up, they respect you, they are Scientologists, they have goals!. Unbeknownst to Hubbard, one of their goals was leaving Scientology and setting up a similar organization called the Institute of Mental Health. They set up headquarters in Johannesburg, and brought in a large number of Scientologists with them, naturally infuriating the other Scientologists. Kennedy died shortly thereafter in a shooting accident. 'It is said he shot himself accidentally while cleaning his revolver', stated the Daily Mail on July 14th, 1968, 'but an open verdict was returned by the Coroner". A reader might infer that Scientology was in some way responsible for Kennedy's death. I have no evidence whatever in support of such an allegation, and personally do not believe it is true.
18. "Another case of someone who displeased the Scientologists is shrouded in mystery and will probably always remain so. According to the London Observer, James Stewart, a 35 year old encyclopedia salesman from South Africa was suspended from Scientology because the Scientologists allegedly said he had a 'history of epilepsy and an such was refused permission to continue Scientology training'. Robert Kaufman, a former Scientologist was at the Edinburgh Org at the same time as Stewart and reported somethings that were not printed in the newspaper. He believes the Scientologists placed Stewart's name on the bulletin board and put him in a 'Condition of Doubt' for having seizures or fits in public and thereby 'invalidating, Scientology'. Kaufman was horrified that someone would be punished for a physical ailment over which he had no control, especially since the 'doubt penalty' meant this ill man would have had to work at menial chores 80 hours straight without sleep. A few days after the man was placed in 'doubt' Kaufman was oven more upset to see the man's funeral and cremation notice posted on the bulletin board. A short while later-Kaufman believes it was the afternoon he saw the funeral notice - Kaufman was more shaken when it was announced the deceased's wife had just gone up another very high level in Scientology. Kaufman's suspicion that the 80 hour penalty was connected to this man's death was heightened when he returned home and one of his Scientology instructors told Kaufman that he had heard that the man hadn't really died at all and that it had been a mistake. That's not what the London Observer said, they reported that Stewart was found dead SO feet below a window, and that it was not a suicide." I have no evidence whatever in support of any of the above other than what I read in the London Observer and what was said by Kaufman. In particular I have no evidence what ever to support any inference that Scientology was responsible for the death of James Stewart.
19. "Perhaps it is not suprising that he was afraid of blackmail." I have no evidence whatever that blackmail has been practiced by the Scientologists.
20. "There is no known case of any Scientologist actually having been blackmailed (although someone being blackmailed would not be very likely to admit it). But another question to consider, in addition to whether a person is being blackmailed, is whether he thinks he might be." I have no evidence that any person has been blackmailed by the Scientologists.
21. "The fear of blackmail can keep a Scientologist as tied and subservient to Scientology as actual blackmail - perhaps even more so. When someone knows that there is a great deal of personal information that could be revealed, even though no overt threat has been made or payment requested, he must simply sit and wait and wonder." This is purely surmise on my part, this has not been confirmed to me by any Scientologist.
22. "Some Scientologists believe it was alright to seduce, say, a fifteen year old girl, because a thetan has had many sexual activities, and furthermore she was really over 70 trillion plus 15 years old". (from the Australian Inquiry).
I have no direct evidence of this allegation, and I certainly have no evidence that this is a generally held belief amongst Scientologists. In fact of those Scientologists I have since talked to, it was not.
25. "...... in the basement of the Scientology Queers Street office, London, the Scientologists actually had a prison - a tiny padlocked room known as the 'Dungeon' where erring Scientologists were locked up, sometimes for several days, on bread, butter and water".
My only basis for such an inference is an article I read in the London Sunday Times. Otherwise I have no evidence to support the above. Furthermore, I understand that there never was a 'Scientology Queen Street Office, London'.
24. "One famous, in fact infamous person interested in Scientology that they do not boast about, or talk about or probably want is Charles Manson, the convicted murderer of Sharon Tate and her friend." I repeat that I have no evidence whatever to sun port the allegation that Manson was a member of the Church of Scientology and now personally believe he was not.
25. "Another bit of publicity that the Scientologists are probably not too pleased with concerns the murder of three people in Los Angeles. Two were Scientologists. According to the New York Post, all three were brutally beaten, ritualistically stabbed, had their right eyes cut out, and were dumped 100 yards from a Scientology commune. One of the girls, Miss Doreen Gaul, 19, who came from New York to study Scientology, was naked except for a strand of Indian beads. The boy James Sharp was 15 years old. The third was unidentified. Doreen Gaul's father allegedly told a New York Post reporter that she had lately become disenchanted with Scientology. She was not the only one." I have no evidence whatever to support the statement that Scientology was in any way responsible for the deaths of the three people, and, in fact, do not believe it is true.
26. "He claims to have already forgiven them: a $13 million debt (he did not state where that money came from). 'An understandable act of charity' wrote Time Magazine, 'considering that he has boasted to friends having $7 million stashed away in two numbered Swiss bank accounts'." Other than this article I have no evidence whatever in support of this allegation.
27. "A number of people believe that Hubbard originally turned the 'science' of Dianetics into the 'religion' of Scientology in order to avoid the very taxes and financial difficulties that are plaguing them now." I have no personal evidence in support of these beliefs.
28. On page 123 of my book I allege, by reference to an article by the American Medical Association, that a Scientology practitioner is a quack. I did not intend such an inference, nor do I believe it to be true.
29. On page 161 of my book I make reference to a newspaper article published in England where L. Ron Hubbard was alleged to have been involved in the practice of black magic. I Have since seen a correction of this article which was subsequently published by the same newspaper. The text of the correction. is set out in an Appendix to my book at page 201.
30. At page 167 of my book I make certain personal references to Mr. Hubbard. I have never met Mr. Hubbard, and have no personal basis for these statements which I make on this page.
31. "The Australian report presented something worse, as they put it, a woman 'processed into insanity.....` a slightly similar case occurred in England". I have since learned of the circumstances surrounding this particular woman, and her committal to a mental home. In view of these circumstances, I must now say that there is no basis whatever for the allegation that the woman was committed as a result of Scientology.
32. I have said that the followers of Scientology take on faith everything that their founder has said. I now understand that it is a principle tenet of Scientology that each person test the workability of the data for himself. Since writing these words I have met very few Scientologists and therefore am unable to support this statement.
33. I make reference to the payment of 10% of the gross income of the Scientology organizations to Mr. Hubbard. This statement should not be misinterpreted to mean that L. Ron Hubbard receives 10% (ten percent) of income from the organizations, and I have seen an affidavit from a Certified Public Accountant to this effect.
34. On pages 28 and 29 of my book, I surmise on the relationship between auditor and preclear. I suggest that such a relationship has sexual undertones. This was surmise on my part, and since writing these words I have heard or seen nothing to support this, and in fact, do not believe this to be true.
35. On page 39 of my book I make reference to a person who committed suicide. I confirm that I have no evidence to support that his suicide was a result of Scientology, and, in fact, know that this was not so.
36. "Corfu, Greece, where the Scientologists were said to be spending about 1500 dollars a day for provisions and boat repairs, it would seem the government would have little to complain about. But after 7 months there, the Minister of the Interior kicked them out. He gave no reason except that they were declared 'undesirable`." I now understand that two months after this incident, the Ministry of the Interior tendered apologies to Mr. Hubbard 'for any unhappiness and upset caused'. Mr. Hubbard was invited to return for a lengthier stay.
37. "Local people complained about seeing Scientology children of 8 or 9 years being made to walk the plank into the Aegean, and one Scientology publication depicts a similar punishment that was meted out to an older member". I have no personal evidence whatever to support this statement, which itself came from a newspaper report.
38. "Another mystery concerns Linda Hicks, a very beautiful 22 year old British blonde who joined the Sea Or and then disappeared". I have no evidence to support that her 'disappearance', if it happened at all, was as a result of Scientology. I understand that Linda Hicks married a Scientologist, and left him as a result of family pressure after living with her husband in South Africa.
39. "The Case of a Female Scientologist who ran screaming off the ship with her two children only to be dragged back by several Sea Org officers." I took this also from a newspaper report, and myself have no evidence to support it.
40. "But one of the biggest Scientology scandals In England occurred in 1967. The Scientologists took a girl into the group, Karen Henslow, who had been in psychiatric institution 3 times during her life, although the Scientologists claim they do not take people who have history of institutionalization. Miss Henslow had a relapse while in Scientology." I now understand that there was no evidence, according to the Ministry of Health, to show her breakdown, physical or mental, was caused by her contact with Scientology. Upon discovery of her hitherto undisclosed mental history, Miss Henslow was not permitted to work or study at Saint Hill.
41. "Although Robinson decided not to do so at the time (conduct an Inquiry into Scientology), he did say that they `direct themselves to the weak, the unbalanced, the immature, the ruthless, and the mentally or emotionally unstable, and that their "Authoritarian principles .... are a potential menace... to the personality and well being of those so deluded as to become its followers". I have met very few Scientologists personally and have come to no opinion on his statement. However, I understand that Scientologists include such people as University and High School students, business men and women, public servants school teachers, housewives, members of all the professions.
42. "Hubbard, by the way, has been invited to testify at the British Inquiry. So far he has failed to show." No person was invited to testify at the British Inquiry, it was based on written evidence only. This statement is therefore incorrect.
43. At page 78 I make reference to the practice of 'disconnection'. I have since learned that this policy had been cancelled by the Scientologists in 1968.
44. On pages 85 to 86 I make reference to the 'security check'. I have since learned that the security check had been cancelled in 1968 by the Scientologists.
45. "I control the operation" he sayd "as a general manager would control any operation of a company" - from an interview with Mr. Hubbard. I have seen evidence to the effect that 2 years after this statement, Mr. Hubbard resigned his position as an Executive Director of the Church, and assumed the title of 'Founder'. Mr. Hubbard makes available the results of his research and is available for advice.
46. "A Scientologist can be made to take and pay for more hours than he originally signed for at the discretion of the leaders". This statement should not be misinterpreted to indicate that someone is forced to take more courses. In fact no one is made to pay anything he doesn't wish.
47. "These extra courses are sometimes given as punishment". I have no evidence to support this. It is now clear to me that courses cannot be forced on to anybody.
48. I make reference to a "wealthy Floridian" at page 154 of my book. . I have no direct proof that this ever happened.
49. I quoting the Australian Inquiry, they attempt to throw doubt on Mr. Hubbard's sanity. As stated before, I have never mot Mr. Hubbard, furthermore I have never seen any medical records pertaining to Mr. Hubbard, nor have I met any doctor who has treated Mr. Hub bard. I am therefore unqualified to make any assessment as to Air. Hubbard's sanity.
50. At page 165 I refer to a statement at the beginning of Mr. Hubbard's book entitled "Dianetics" The Modern Science of Mental Health". This statement reads "A milestone for man comparable to the discovery of fire and superior to his invention of the wheel and the arch." I now understand that Mr. Hubbard did not in fact write these words. They were written by some other person in the Foreward of the book.
51. "Scientology claims it can increase a person's while actually the I.Q. cannot be increased substantially". I have seen evidence to the effect that one's I.Q. score can be substantially increased. I have not actually seen evidence to show that Scientology has not been the cause of an increase in I.Q. score.
52. At page 180 I make further reference to Karen Henslow. I understand that Miss Henslow had not been near a Scientology establishment for over a month prior to her appearance at the police station. Furthermore, her total Scientology involvement was 5 hours on a basic communications course and some auditing months earlier from her fiance who was a student. I have seen evidence in the form of a letter from the local police authority concerned with this matter, which indicates strongly that the cause of this woman's relapse was something totally unrelated to Scientology, and had to do with the behavior of her mother.
Signed
PAULETTE COOPER
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
ss.
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES
On this 5th day of December 1976, before me, a notary public personally appeared PAULETTE COOPER, known to me to be the person whose name is subscribed to the within Statement. In my presence COOPER affixed her signature to the foot of each separate page and at the end of the Statement herein.
Notary Public